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NIDA Research Monographs are prepared by the research divisions of the National lnstitute on Drug Abuse and published by its Office of Science. The primary objective of the series is to provide critical reviews of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, and integrative research reviews. Its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This monograph is the result of a collaborative effort by the scientists noted as chapter authors, all of whom made extensive contributions to the various chapters in this monograph in addition to the ones for which they were the principal author. In addition, several other individuals in the scientific community reviewed the manuscript in preparation and made valuable contributions to the final text. These reviewers include Rodger and Ruth The National Institute on Drug Abuse has obtained permission from the copyright holders to reproduce certain previously published material as noted in the text. Further reproduction of this copyrighted material is permitted only as part of a reprinting of the entire publication or chapter. For any other use, the copyright holder's permission is required. All other material in this volume except quoted passages from copyrighted sources is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from the Institute or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Opinions expressed in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or official policy of the National Institute on Drug Abuse or any other part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The U.S. Government does not endorse or favor any specific commercial product or company. Trade, proprietary, or company names appearing in this publication are used only because they are considered essential in the context of the studies reported herein.Foreword In the past 5 years, a growing concern over the use of illicit drugs in the workplace has led to an interest in urinalysis as a way to detect and deter drug use. Drug testing by urinalysis has been suggested and in many cases implemented for prospective and current employees in industry; for personnel of the armed forces; for parolees and bail seekers in civilian court systems; for workers in the transportation industry; and for individuals who serve as role models, such as nationally known athletes. Two factors have led to the widespread use of urinalysis …